Linux & Networking glossary

Every Linux & Networking word in this course, in plain words.

/etc/hosts

The shop's own short list of names and numbers. It is checked before DNS.

In BM lessons: /etc/hosts: Senarai pendek nama dan nombor milik kedai sendiri. Ia disemak sebelum DNS.

~/.ssh/config

Your speed dial: a short name like kedai stands for the address, user and key.

In BM lessons: ~/.ssh/config: Dail laju anda: nama pendek seperti kedai mewakili alamat, pengguna dan kunci.

authorized_keys

The server's list of padlocks allowed on its door: ~/.ssh/authorized_keys.

In BM lessons: authorized_keys: Senarai mangga yang dibenarkan di pintu server: ~/.ssh/authorized_keys.

certificate

A server's ID card: its names, who signed it and when it expires.

In BM lessons: certificate (sijil): Kad pengenalan server: nama-namanya, siapa yang tandatangan dan bila ia luput.

certificate authority (CA)

A trusted office that signs ID cards. Your computer comes with a list of them.

In BM lessons: certificate authority (CA): Pejabat dipercayai yang tandatangan kad pengenalan. Komputer anda datang dengan senarainya.

CIDR (/24)

The slash number says how much of the address names the street. /24: the first three numbers.

In BM lessons: CIDR (/24): Nombor selepas garis condong tunjuk berapa banyak alamat yang namakan jalan. /24: tiga nombor pertama.

cron

The shop's roster on the wall. It checks every minute and runs jobs on time.

In BM lessons: cron: Jadual tugas di dinding kedai. Ia semak setiap minit dan jalankan kerja tepat pada masanya.

disk usage

How full the storeroom is. df shows whole disks; du shows which folders are fat.

In BM lessons: disk usage (penggunaan cakera): Berapa penuh stor. df tunjuk seluruh cakera; du tunjuk folder mana yang gemuk.

DNS

The phone book of the internet: it turns a name like kedai.example into a number.

In BM lessons: DNS: Buku telefon internet: ia tukar nama seperti kedai.example kepada nombor.

environment variable

A note on the wall every program you start can read, like HOME or PATH.

In BM lessons: environment variable (pemboleh ubah persekitaran): Nota di dinding yang setiap program anda mulakan boleh baca, seperti HOME atau PATH.

exit code

The number a command leaves behind: 0 means fine, anything else means a problem or no match. echo $? shows it.

In BM lessons: kod keluar: Nombor yang arahan tinggalkan: 0 maksudnya okey, nombor lain maksudnya masalah atau tiada padanan. echo $? tunjuk.

firewall

The guard at the door. A list says which callers may come in, on which extension.

In BM lessons: firewall (tembok api): Pengawal di pintu. Satu senarai tentukan pemanggil mana boleh masuk, di sambungan mana.

gateway

The telephone exchange at the end of the street. Calls to other streets go through it.

In BM lessons: gateway (get laluan): Ibu sawat telefon di hujung jalan. Panggilan ke jalan lain melaluinya.

group

A team of users. Keys can be given to a whole team at once.

In BM lessons: group (kumpulan): Satu pasukan pengguna. Kunci boleh diberi kepada seluruh pasukan sekali gus.

hidden file

A name that starts with a dot, like .keys. ls skips it; ls -a shows it.

In BM lessons: fail tersembunyi: Nama yang bermula dengan titik, seperti .keys. ls langkau; ls -a tunjuk.

home folder (~)

Your own room on the server, /home/you. The ~ sign is its short name.

In BM lessons: folder rumah (~): Bilik anda sendiri di server, /home/you. Tanda ~ ialah nama pendeknya.

host key

The server's own ID card. Your laptop remembers it in ~/.ssh/known_hosts.

In BM lessons: host key (kunci hos): Kad pengenalan server itu sendiri. Laptop anda ingat ia dalam ~/.ssh/known_hosts.

HTTP

How orders are spoken at a web counter: a method and a path, then a status code and the food.

In BM lessons: HTTP: Cara pesanan disebut di kaunter web: kaedah dan laluan, kemudian kod status dan makanannya.

HTTPS

HTTP in a sealed envelope. The shop also shows an ID card: its certificate.

In BM lessons: HTTPS: HTTP dalam sampul bermeterai. Kedai juga tunjuk kad pengenalan: sijilnya.

IP address

A computer's phone number: four numbers from 0 to 255 with dots, like 10.0.0.5.

In BM lessons: IP address (alamat IP): Nombor telefon sesebuah komputer: empat nombor 0 hingga 255 dengan titik, contohnya 10.0.0.5.

job

A program this shell started and is still watching: in front, paused, or in the background (&).

In BM lessons: job: Program yang shell ini mulakan dan masih perhati: di depan, dijeda, atau di belakang (&).

journal

systemd's diary of what every service said and did. journalctl reads it.

In BM lessons: journal (jurnal): Diari systemd tentang apa setiap servis kata dan buat. journalctl membacanya.

key pair

A padlock and its only key, made together. ssh-keygen makes them.

In BM lessons: key pair (pasangan kunci): Mangga dan satu-satunya kuncinya, dibuat bersama. ssh-keygen membuatnya.

listening

A program waiting by an extension, ready to answer. ss -tln lists them.

In BM lessons: listening (mendengar): Program yang menunggu di satu sambungan, sedia menjawab. ss -tln menyenaraikannya.

loop

Do the same steps for each item: for dish in a b c; do ...; done.

In BM lessons: loop (gelung): Buat langkah yang sama untuk setiap item: for dish in a b c; do ...; done.

loopback (localhost)

The shop's intercom: 127.0.0.1 always calls the machine you are on.

In BM lessons: loopback (localhost): Interkom kedai: 127.0.0.1 sentiasa hubungi mesin yang anda sedang guna.

owner

The user a file belongs to. ls -l shows it; sudo chown changes it.

In BM lessons: owner (pemilik): Pengguna yang memiliki sesuatu fail. ls -l tunjuk; sudo chown mengubahnya.

package

A ready-to-install program in one box, from the Debian store. apt fetches and installs it.

In BM lessons: package (pakej): Program sedia pasang dalam satu kotak, dari stor Debian. apt ambil dan memasangnya.

path

A room's address, like /home/you/kedai/menu. A path that starts with / begins at the front door.

In BM lessons: path (laluan): Alamat sesuatu bilik, seperti /home/you/kedai/menu. Path yang bermula dengan / mula dari pintu depan.

PATH

The list of folders the shell searches, in order, when you type a command name.

In BM lessons: PATH: Senarai folder yang shell cari, ikut urutan, bila anda taip nama arahan.

permissions (rwx)

The keys on a file: r read, w write, x run, for the owner, the group and everyone else.

In BM lessons: permissions (kebenaran rwx): Kunci pada fail: r baca, w tulis, x jalan, untuk pemilik, kumpulan dan orang lain.

PID

A process's staff number. ps and pgrep show it; kill uses it.

In BM lessons: PID: Nombor pekerja sesuatu proses. ps dan pgrep tunjuk; kill gunakannya.

ping

Hello, can you hear me? It sends a tiny message and times the echo.

In BM lessons: ping: Helo, dengar tak? Ia hantar mesej kecil dan ukur masa gemanya.

pipe (|)

A conveyor belt between two commands: the first one's output becomes the next one's input.

In BM lessons: pipe (|): Tali sawat antara dua arahan: keluaran arahan pertama jadi masukan arahan seterusnya.

port

An extension number on the shop's phone line. Web is 80, HTTPS 443, SSH 22.

In BM lessons: port: Nombor sambungan pada talian telefon kedai. Web 80, HTTPS 443, SSH 22.

private address

A number that only works inside one building: 10.x, 172.16-31.x or 192.168.x.

In BM lessons: private address (alamat persendirian): Nombor yang hanya berfungsi dalam satu bangunan: 10.x, 172.16-31.x atau 192.168.x.

private key

The only key that opens your padlocks. Never share it. Mode 600.

In BM lessons: private key (kunci persendirian): Satu-satunya kunci yang buka mangga anda. Jangan sesekali kongsi. Mod 600.

process

A program at work right now, like a cook on shift. Each one has a number, its PID.

In BM lessons: process (proses): Program yang sedang bekerja, macam tukang masak yang bertugas. Setiap satu ada nombor, iaitu PID.

prompt

The text before your cursor, like you@kedai:~$. It says who you are, where, and that it is ready.

In BM lessons: prompt: Teks sebelum kursor, seperti you@kedai:~$. Ia tunjuk siapa anda, di mana, dan ia sudah sedia.

public key

The padlock (the .pub file). Safe to give away and hang on any door.

In BM lessons: public key (kunci awam): Mangganya (fail .pub). Selamat diberi dan digantung di mana-mana pintu.

redirect (> >>)

Sends a command's output into a file. > replaces the file; >> adds to its end.

In BM lessons: redirect (> >>): Hantar keluaran arahan ke dalam fail. > ganti fail itu; >> tambah di hujungnya.

root

The shop owner: the user with every key. One slip as root can break the whole server.

In BM lessons: root: Tuan kedai: pengguna yang pegang semua kunci. Satu silap sebagai root boleh rosakkan seluruh server.

root folder (/)

The front door of the whole shophouse. Every path starts from here.

In BM lessons: folder root (/): Pintu depan seluruh rumah kedai. Setiap path bermula dari sini.

rsync

A smart courier. It compares both sides and carries only what changed.

In BM lessons: rsync: Kurier pintar. Ia bandingkan kedua-dua belah dan bawa apa yang berubah sahaja.

script

A written checklist for the shell. It runs the lines one by one.

In BM lessons: script (skrip): Senarai semak bertulis untuk shell. Ia jalankan baris satu demi satu.

service

A program that runs in the background all day, like the web server. systemd starts and watches it.

In BM lessons: service (servis): Program yang berjalan di belakang sepanjang hari, seperti web server. systemd mulakan dan mengawasinya.

shell

The counter helper who reads what you type and runs it. On Debian it is bash.

In BM lessons: shell: Pembantu kaunter yang baca taipan anda dan jalankannya. Di Debian, ia bash.

signal

A message to a process: TERM asks it to stop, KILL (9) stops it at once, Ctrl+C sends INT.

In BM lessons: signal (isyarat): Mesej kepada proses: TERM minta ia berhenti, KILL (9) hentikan serta-merta, Ctrl+C hantar INT.

SSH

A sealed phone line to a far-away kitchen. You type there as if you stood inside.

In BM lessons: SSH: Talian bermeterai ke dapur yang jauh. Anda menaip di sana seolah-olah berdiri di dalamnya.

status code

The counter's three-digit reply: 200 OK, 404 not found, 403 forbidden, 503 kitchen trouble.

In BM lessons: status code (kod status): Jawapan tiga digit kaunter: 200 OK, 404 tiada, 403 dilarang, 503 dapur bermasalah.

strict mode

set -euo pipefail: a strict supervisor that stops the script at the first problem.

In BM lessons: strict mode (mod ketat): set -euo pipefail: penyelia tegas yang hentikan skrip pada masalah pertama.

subnet

One street of addresses. Machines on the same street call each other directly.

In BM lessons: subnet: Satu jalan alamat. Mesin di jalan yang sama hubungi satu sama lain terus.

sudo

Borrow the master key for one command, if your team is allowed. The server writes it down.

In BM lessons: sudo: Pinjam kunci induk untuk satu arahan, jika pasukan anda dibenarkan. Server mencatatnya.

systemd

The shift manager: it starts services at boot, restarts them, and keeps their logs.

In BM lessons: systemd: Pengurus syif: ia mulakan servis semasa but, mulakan semula, dan simpan log mereka.

systemd timer

systemd's own alarm clock. It starts a service on a schedule and logs to the journal.

In BM lessons: systemd timer (pemasa systemd): Jam loceng systemd sendiri. Ia mulakan servis ikut jadual dan catat dalam journal.

tab completion

Press Tab and the shell finishes a command or file name for you.

In BM lessons: tab completion: Tekan Tab dan shell habiskan nama arahan atau fail untuk anda.

terminal

A text window into the server. You type commands; the server types back.

In BM lessons: terminal: Tingkap teks ke dalam server. Anda taip arahan; server balas dengan teks.

traceroute

Lists every telephone exchange (hop) a call passes on its way.

In BM lessons: traceroute: Senaraikan setiap ibu sawat (hop) yang dilalui panggilan dalam perjalanan.

user

One member of staff on the server, with a name, a number and their own keys.

In BM lessons: user (pengguna): Seorang pekerja di server, dengan nama, nombor dan kunci sendiri.

variable

A labelled jar: name=Aina fills it, $name reads it. No spaces around =.

In BM lessons: variable (pemboleh ubah): Balang berlabel: name=Aina mengisinya, $name membacanya. Tiada ruang di sekeliling =.

web server

The front counter that hands out pages. nginx is a popular one.

In BM lessons: web server (pelayan web): Kaunter depan yang beri halaman. nginx ialah salah satu yang popular.

wildcard (* ?)

A pattern the shell swaps for matching names: * is any letters, ? is one letter.

In BM lessons: wildcard (* ?): Corak yang shell tukar kepada nama yang padan: * apa saja huruf, ? satu huruf.